Anatomy and Physiology 2e

by J. Gordon Betts, Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble and Peter DeSaix

Published by OpenStax

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Anatomy and Physiology 2e is developed to meet the scope and sequence for a two-semester human anatomy and physiology course for life science and allied health majors. The book is organized by body systems. The revision focuses on inclusive and equitable instruction and includes new student support. Illustrations have been extensively revised to be clearer and more inclusive. The web-based version of Anatomy and Physiology 2e also features links to surgical videos, histology, and interactive diagrams. Please learn more about the changes by previewing the preface. The first edition of Anatomy and Physiology by OpenStax is available in web view here . If you have encountered a white screen while accessing your OpenStax textbook, our developers suggest closing all of your OpenStax.org tabs and then loading the book again.

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Attribution

Adapted from Anatomy and Physiology 2e by J. Gordon Betts, Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble, and Peter DeSaix, published by OpenStax (Rice University) under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). Access the original for free at https://openstax.org/details/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e. Changes: converted to CuraCourse lessons, with interactive practice added.

226 pages in 29 modules. Sign up to read and adopt them.

Preface1 page
1. Preface
1An Introduction to the Human Body9 pages
1. Introduction
2. 1.1Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
3. 1.2Structural Organization of the Human Body
4. 1.3Functions of Human Life
5. 1.4Requirements for Human Life
6. 1.5Homeostasis
7. 1.6Anatomical Terminology
8. 1.7Medical Imaging
9. Practice
2The Chemical Level of Organization7 pages
1. Introduction
2. 2.1Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
3. 2.2Chemical Bonds
4. 2.3Chemical Reactions
5. 2.4Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
6. 2.5Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
7. Practice
3The Cellular Level of Organization8 pages
1. Introduction
2. 3.1The Cell Membrane
3. 3.2The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
4. 3.3The Nucleus and DNA Replication
5. 3.4Protein Synthesis
6. 3.5Cell Growth and Division
7. 3.6Cellular Differentiation
8. Practice
4The Tissue Level of Organization8 pages
1. Introduction
2. 4.1Types of Tissues
3. 4.2Epithelial Tissue
4. 4.3Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
5. 4.4Muscle Tissue and Motion
6. 4.5Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response
7. 4.6Tissue Injury and Aging
8. Practice
5The Integumentary System6 pages
1. Introduction
2. 5.1Layers of the Skin
3. 5.2Accessory Structures of the Skin
4. 5.3Functions of the Integumentary System
5. 5.4Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
6. Practice
6Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System9 pages
1. Introduction
2. 6.1The Functions of the Skeletal System
3. 6.2Bone Classification
4. 6.3Bone Structure
5. 6.4Bone Formation and Development
6. 6.5Fractures: Bone Repair
7. 6.6Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue
8. 6.7Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems
9. Practice
7Axial Skeleton7 pages
1. Introduction
2. 7.1Divisions of the Skeletal System
3. 7.2The Skull
4. 7.3The Vertebral Column
5. 7.4The Thoracic Cage
6. 7.5Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton
7. Practice
8The Appendicular Skeleton7 pages
1. Introduction
2. 8.1The Pectoral Girdle
3. 8.2Bones of the Upper Limb
4. 8.3The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
5. 8.4Bones of the Lower Limb
6. 8.5Development of the Appendicular Skeleton
7. Practice
9Joints9 pages
1. Introduction
2. 9.1Classification of Joints
3. 9.2Fibrous Joints
4. 9.3Cartilaginous Joints
5. 9.4Synovial Joints
6. 9.5Types of Body Movements
7. 9.6Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
8. 9.7Development of Joints
9. Practice
10Muscle Tissue11 pages
1. Introduction
2. 10.1Overview of Muscle Tissues
3. 10.2Skeletal Muscle
4. 10.3Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation
5. 10.4Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
6. 10.5Types of Muscle Fibers
7. 10.6Exercise and Muscle Performance
8. 10.7Cardiac Muscle Tissue
9. 10.8Smooth Muscle
10. 10.9Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue
11. Practice
11The Muscular System8 pages
1. Introduction
2. 11.1Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems
3. 11.2Naming Skeletal Muscles
4. 11.3Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
5. 11.4Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
6. 11.5Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
7. 11.6Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
8. Practice
12The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue7 pages
1. Introduction
2. 12.1Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System
3. 12.2Nervous Tissue
4. 12.3The Function of Nervous Tissue
5. 12.4The Action Potential
6. 12.5Communication Between Neurons
7. Practice
13Anatomy of the Nervous System6 pages
1. Introduction
2. 13.1The Embryologic Perspective
3. 13.2The Central Nervous System
4. 13.3Circulation and the Central Nervous System
5. 13.4The Peripheral Nervous System
6. Practice
14The Somatic Nervous System5 pages
1. Introduction
2. 14.1Sensory Perception
3. 14.2Central Processing
4. 14.3Motor Responses
5. Practice
15The Autonomic Nervous System6 pages
1. Introduction
2. 15.1Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
3. 15.2Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis
4. 15.3Central Control
5. 15.4Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System
6. Practice
16The Neurological Exam7 pages
1. Introduction
2. 16.1Overview of the Neurological Exam
3. 16.2The Mental Status Exam
4. 16.3The Cranial Nerve Exam
5. 16.4The Sensory and Motor Exams
6. 16.5The Coordination and Gait Exams
7. Practice
17The Endocrine System13 pages
1. Introduction
2. 17.1An Overview of the Endocrine System
3. 17.2Hormones
4. 17.3The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
5. 17.4The Thyroid Gland
6. 17.5The Parathyroid Glands
7. 17.6The Adrenal Glands
8. 17.7The Pineal Gland
9. 17.8Gonadal and Placental Hormones
10. 17.9The Endocrine Pancreas
11. 17.10Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions
12. 17.11Development and Aging of the Endocrine System
13. Practice
18The Cardiovascular System: Blood8 pages
1. Introduction
2. 18.1An Overview of Blood
3. 18.2Production of the Formed Elements
4. 18.3Erythrocytes
5. 18.4Leukocytes and Platelets
6. 18.5Hemostasis
7. 18.6Blood Typing
8. Practice
19The Cardiovascular System: The Heart7 pages
1. Introduction
2. 19.1Heart Anatomy
3. 19.2Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
4. 19.3Cardiac Cycle
5. 19.4Cardiac Physiology
6. 19.5Development of the Heart
7. Practice
20The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation8 pages
1. Introduction
2. 20.1Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
3. 20.2Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
4. 20.3Capillary Exchange
5. 20.4Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
6. 20.5Circulatory Pathways
7. 20.6Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation
8. Practice
21The Lymphatic and Immune System9 pages
1. Introduction
2. 21.1Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
3. 21.2Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
4. 21.3The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
5. 21.4The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
6. 21.5The Immune Response against Pathogens
7. 21.6Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses
8. 21.7Transplantation and Cancer Immunology
9. Practice
22The Respiratory System9 pages
1. Introduction
2. 22.1Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
3. 22.2The Lungs
4. 22.3The Process of Breathing
5. 22.4Gas Exchange
6. 22.5Transport of Gases
7. 22.6Modifications in Respiratory Functions
8. 22.7Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System
9. Practice
23The Digestive System9 pages
1. Introduction
2. 23.1Overview of the Digestive System
3. 23.2Digestive System Processes and Regulation
4. 23.3The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
5. 23.4The Stomach
6. 23.5The Small and Large Intestines
7. 23.6Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
8. 23.7Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look
9. Practice
24Metabolism and Nutrition9 pages
1. Introduction
2. 24.1Overview of Metabolic Reactions
3. 24.2Carbohydrate Metabolism
4. 24.3Lipid Metabolism
5. 24.4Protein Metabolism
6. 24.5Metabolic States of the Body
7. 24.6Energy and Heat Balance
8. 24.7Nutrition and Diet
9. Practice
25The Urinary System12 pages
1. Introduction
2. 25.1Physical Characteristics of Urine
3. 25.2Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport
4. 25.3Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
5. 25.4Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
6. 25.5Physiology of Urine Formation
7. 25.6Tubular Reabsorption
8. 25.7Regulation of Renal Blood Flow
9. 25.8Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function
10. 25.9Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition
11. 25.10The Urinary System and Homeostasis
12. Practice
26Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance7 pages
1. Introduction
2. 26.1Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
3. 26.2Water Balance
4. 26.3Electrolyte Balance
5. 26.4Acid-Base Balance
6. 26.5Disorders of Acid-Base Balance
7. Practice
27The Reproductive System5 pages
1. Introduction
2. 27.1Anatomy and Physiology of the Testicular Reproductive System
3. 27.2Anatomy and Physiology of the Ovarian Reproductive System
4. 27.3Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems
5. Practice
28Development and Inheritance9 pages
1. Introduction
2. 28.1Fertilization
3. 28.2Embryonic Development
4. 28.3Fetal Development
5. 28.4Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth
6. 28.5Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages
7. 28.6Lactation
8. 28.7Patterns of Inheritance
9. Practice

Anatomy and Physiology 2e

Table of contents