Chemistry 2e

by Paul Flowers, Klaus Theopold, Richard Langley and William R. Robinson

Published by OpenStax

ChemistryCollege

Chemistry 2e is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of the two-semester general chemistry course. The textbook provides an important opportunity for students to learn the core concepts of chemistry and understand how those concepts apply to their lives and the world around them. The book also includes a number of innovative features, including interactive exercises and real-world applications, designed to enhance student learning. The second edition has been revised to incorporate clearer, more current, and more dynamic explanations, while maintaining the same organization as the first edition. Substantial improvements have been made in the figures, illustrations, and example exercises that support the text narrative. Changes made in Chemistry 2e are described in the preface to help instructors transition to the second edition. The first edition of Chemistry by OpenStax is available in web view here .

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Attribution

Adapted from Chemistry 2e by Paul Flowers, Klaus Theopold, Richard Langley, and William R. Robinson, published by OpenStax (Rice University) under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). Access the original for free at https://openstax.org/details/books/chemistry-2e. Changes: converted to CuraCourse lessons, with interactive practice added.

170 pages in 23 modules. Sign up to read and adopt them.

Preface1 page
1. Preface
1Essential Ideas8 pages
1. Introduction
2. 1.1Chemistry in Context
3. 1.2Phases and Classification of Matter
4. 1.3Physical and Chemical Properties
5. 1.4Measurements
6. 1.5Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
7. 1.6Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
8. Practice
2Atoms, Molecules, and Ions9 pages
1. Introduction
2. 2.1Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
3. 2.2Evolution of Atomic Theory
4. 2.3Atomic Structure and Symbolism
5. 2.4Chemical Formulas
6. 2.5The Periodic Table
7. 2.6Ionic and Molecular Compounds
8. 2.7Chemical Nomenclature
9. Practice
3Composition of Substances and Solutions6 pages
1. Introduction
2. 3.1Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
3. 3.2Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
4. 3.3Molarity
5. 3.4Other Units for Solution Concentrations
6. Practice
4Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions7 pages
1. Introduction
2. 4.1Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
3. 4.2Classifying Chemical Reactions
4. 4.3Reaction Stoichiometry
5. 4.4Reaction Yields
6. 4.5Quantitative Chemical Analysis
7. Practice
5Thermochemistry5 pages
1. Introduction
2. 5.1Energy Basics
3. 5.2Calorimetry
4. 5.3Enthalpy
5. Practice
6Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements7 pages
1. Introduction
2. 6.1Electromagnetic Energy
3. 6.2The Bohr Model
4. 6.3Development of Quantum Theory
5. 6.4Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
6. 6.5Periodic Variations in Element Properties
7. Practice
7Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry8 pages
1. Introduction
2. 7.1Ionic Bonding
3. 7.2Covalent Bonding
4. 7.3Lewis Symbols and Structures
5. 7.4Formal Charges and Resonance
6. 7.5Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
7. 7.6Molecular Structure and Polarity
8. Practice
8Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding6 pages
1. Introduction
2. 8.1Valence Bond Theory
3. 8.2Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
4. 8.3Multiple Bonds
5. 8.4Molecular Orbital Theory
6. Practice
9Gases8 pages
1. Introduction
2. 9.1Gas Pressure
3. 9.2Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
4. 9.3Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
5. 9.4Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
6. 9.5The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
7. 9.6Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
8. Practice
10Liquids and Solids8 pages
1. Introduction
2. 10.1Intermolecular Forces
3. 10.2Properties of Liquids
4. 10.3Phase Transitions
5. 10.4Phase Diagrams
6. 10.5The Solid State of Matter
7. 10.6Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
8. Practice
11Solutions and Colloids7 pages
1. Introduction
2. 11.1The Dissolution Process
3. 11.2Electrolytes
4. 11.3Solubility
5. 11.4Colligative Properties
6. 11.5Colloids
7. Practice
12Kinetics9 pages
1. Introduction
2. 12.1Chemical Reaction Rates
3. 12.2Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
4. 12.3Rate Laws
5. 12.4Integrated Rate Laws
6. 12.5Collision Theory
7. 12.6Reaction Mechanisms
8. 12.7Catalysis
9. Practice
13Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts6 pages
1. Introduction
2. 13.1Chemical Equilibria
3. 13.2Equilibrium Constants
4. 13.3Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
5. 13.4Equilibrium Calculations
6. Practice
14Acid-Base Equilibria9 pages
1. Introduction
2. 14.1Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
3. 14.2pH and pOH
4. 14.3Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
5. 14.4Hydrolysis of Salts
6. 14.5Polyprotic Acids
7. 14.6Buffers
8. 14.7Acid-Base Titrations
9. Practice
15Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes5 pages
1. Introduction
2. 15.1Precipitation and Dissolution
3. 15.2Lewis Acids and Bases
4. 15.3Coupled Equilibria
5. Practice
16Thermodynamics6 pages
1. Introduction
2. 16.1Spontaneity
3. 16.2Entropy
4. 16.3The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
5. 16.4Free Energy
6. Practice
17Electrochemistry9 pages
1. Introduction
2. 17.1Review of Redox Chemistry
3. 17.2Galvanic Cells
4. 17.3Electrode and Cell Potentials
5. 17.4Potential, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
6. 17.5Batteries and Fuel Cells
7. 17.6Corrosion
8. 17.7Electrolysis
9. Practice
18Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals14 pages
1. Introduction
2. 18.1Periodicity
3. 18.2Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
4. 18.3Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
5. 18.4Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
6. 18.5Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
7. 18.6Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
8. 18.7Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen
9. 18.8Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus
10. 18.9Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
11. 18.10Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur
12. 18.11Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens
13. 18.12Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases
14. Practice
19Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry5 pages
1. Introduction
2. 19.1Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
3. 19.2Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
4. 19.3Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
5. Practice
20Organic Chemistry6 pages
1. Introduction
2. 20.1Hydrocarbons
3. 20.2Alcohols and Ethers
4. 20.3Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
5. 20.4Amines and Amides
6. Practice
21Nuclear Chemistry8 pages
1. Introduction
2. 21.1Nuclear Structure and Stability
3. 21.2Nuclear Equations
4. 21.3Radioactive Decay
5. 21.4Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
6. 21.5Uses of Radioisotopes
7. 21.6Biological Effects of Radiation
8. Practice
Appendices13 pages
1. AThe Periodic Table
2. BEssential Mathematics
3. CUnits and Conversion Factors
4. DFundamental Physical Constants
5. EWater Properties
6. FComposition of Commercial Acids and Bases
7. GStandard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
8. HIonization Constants of Weak Acids
9. IIonization Constants of Weak Bases
10. JSolubility Products
11. KFormation Constants for Complex Ions
12. LStandard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
13. MHalf-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes

Chemistry 2e

Table of contents