Chemistry: Atoms First 2e

by Paul Flowers, Edward J. Neth, William R. Robinson, Klaus Theopold and Richard Langley

Published by OpenStax

ChemistryCollege

Chemistry: Atoms First 2e is a peer-reviewed, openly licensed introductory textbook produced through a collaborative publishing partnership between OpenStax and the University of Connecticut and UConn Undergraduate Student Government Association. This text is an atoms-first adaptation of OpenStax Chemistry 2e . The intention of “atoms-first” involves a few basic principles: first, it introduces atomic and molecular structure much earlier than the traditional approach, and it threads these themes through subsequent chapters. This approach may be chosen as a way to delay the introduction of material such as stoichiometry that students traditionally find abstract and difficult, thereby allowing students time to acclimate their study skills to chemistry. Additionally, it gives students a basis for understanding the application of quantitative principles to the chemistry that underlies the entire course. It also aims to center the study of chemistry on the atomic foundation that many will expand upon in a later course covering organic chemistry, easing that transition when the time arrives. The second edition has been revised to incorporate clearer, more current, and more dynamic explanations, while maintaining the same organization as the first edition. Substantial improvements have been made in the figures, illustrations, and example exercises that support the text narrative. The first edition of Chemistry: Atoms First by OpenStax is available in web view here .

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Attribution

Adapted from Chemistry: Atoms First 2e by Paul Flowers, Edward J. Neth, William R. Robinson, Klaus Theopold, and Richard Langley, published by OpenStax (Rice University) under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). Access the original for free at https://openstax.org/details/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e. Changes: converted to CuraCourse lessons, with interactive practice added.

170 pages in 23 modules. Sign up to read and adopt them.

Preface1 page
1. Preface
1Essential Ideas8 pages
1. Introduction
2. 1.1Chemistry in Context
3. 1.2Phases and Classification of Matter
4. 1.3Physical and Chemical Properties
5. 1.4Measurements
6. 1.5Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
7. 1.6Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
8. Practice
2Atoms, Molecules, and Ions6 pages
1. Introduction
2. 2.1Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
3. 2.2Evolution of Atomic Theory
4. 2.3Atomic Structure and Symbolism
5. 2.4Chemical Formulas
6. Practice
3Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements9 pages
1. Introduction
2. 3.1Electromagnetic Energy
3. 3.2The Bohr Model
4. 3.3Development of Quantum Theory
5. 3.4Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
6. 3.5Periodic Variations in Element Properties
7. 3.6The Periodic Table
8. 3.7Ionic and Molecular Compounds
9. Practice
4Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry8 pages
1. Introduction
2. 4.1Ionic Bonding
3. 4.2Covalent Bonding
4. 4.3Chemical Nomenclature
5. 4.4Lewis Symbols and Structures
6. 4.5Formal Charges and Resonance
7. 4.6Molecular Structure and Polarity
8. Practice
5Advanced Theories of Bonding6 pages
1. Introduction
2. 5.1Valence Bond Theory
3. 5.2Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
4. 5.3Multiple Bonds
5. 5.4Molecular Orbital Theory
6. Practice
6Composition of Substances and Solutions6 pages
1. Introduction
2. 6.1Formula Mass
3. 6.2Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
4. 6.3Molarity
5. 6.4Other Units for Solution Concentrations
6. Practice
7Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions7 pages
1. Introduction
2. 7.1Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
3. 7.2Classifying Chemical Reactions
4. 7.3Reaction Stoichiometry
5. 7.4Reaction Yields
6. 7.5Quantitative Chemical Analysis
7. Practice
8Gases8 pages
1. Introduction
2. 8.1Gas Pressure
3. 8.2Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
4. 8.3Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
5. 8.4Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
6. 8.5The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
7. 8.6Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
8. Practice
9Thermochemistry6 pages
1. Introduction
2. 9.1Energy Basics
3. 9.2Calorimetry
4. 9.3Enthalpy
5. 9.4Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
6. Practice
10Liquids and Solids8 pages
1. Introduction
2. 10.1Intermolecular Forces
3. 10.2Properties of Liquids
4. 10.3Phase Transitions
5. 10.4Phase Diagrams
6. 10.5The Solid State of Matter
7. 10.6Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
8. Practice
11Solutions and Colloids7 pages
1. Introduction
2. 11.1The Dissolution Process
3. 11.2Electrolytes
4. 11.3Solubility
5. 11.4Colligative Properties
6. 11.5Colloids
7. Practice
12Thermodynamics6 pages
1. Introduction
2. 12.1Spontaneity
3. 12.2Entropy
4. 12.3The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
5. 12.4Free Energy
6. Practice
13Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts6 pages
1. Introduction
2. 13.1Chemical Equilibria
3. 13.2Equilibrium Constants
4. 13.3Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
5. 13.4Equilibrium Calculations
6. Practice
14Acid-Base Equilibria9 pages
1. Introduction
2. 14.1Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
3. 14.2pH and pOH
4. 14.3Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
5. 14.4Hydrolysis of Salts
6. 14.5Polyprotic Acids
7. 14.6Buffers
8. 14.7Acid-Base Titrations
9. Practice
15Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes5 pages
1. Introduction
2. 15.1Precipitation and Dissolution
3. 15.2Lewis Acids and Bases
4. 15.3Coupled Equilibria
5. Practice
16Electrochemistry9 pages
1. Introduction
2. 16.1Review of Redox Chemistry
3. 16.2Galvanic Cells
4. 16.3Electrode and Cell Potentials
5. 16.4Potential, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
6. 16.5Batteries and Fuel Cells
7. 16.6Corrosion
8. 16.7Electrolysis
9. Practice
17Kinetics9 pages
1. Introduction
2. 17.1Chemical Reaction Rates
3. 17.2Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
4. 17.3Rate Laws
5. 17.4Integrated Rate Laws
6. 17.5Collision Theory
7. 17.6Reaction Mechanisms
8. 17.7Catalysis
9. Practice
18Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals14 pages
1. Introduction
2. 18.1Periodicity
3. 18.2Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
4. 18.3Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
5. 18.4Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
6. 18.5Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
7. 18.6Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
8. 18.7Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen
9. 18.8Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus
10. 18.9Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
11. 18.10Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur
12. 18.11Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens
13. 18.12Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases
14. Practice
19Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry5 pages
1. Introduction
2. 19.1Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
3. 19.2Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
4. 19.3Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
5. Practice
20Nuclear Chemistry8 pages
1. Introduction
2. 20.1Nuclear Structure and Stability
3. 20.2Nuclear Equations
4. 20.3Radioactive Decay
5. 20.4Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
6. 20.5Uses of Radioisotopes
7. 20.6Biological Effects of Radiation
8. Practice
21Organic Chemistry6 pages
1. Introduction
2. 21.1Hydrocarbons
3. 21.2Alcohols and Ethers
4. 21.3Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
5. 21.4Amines and Amides
6. Practice
Appendices13 pages
1. AThe Periodic Table
2. BEssential Mathematics
3. CUnits and Conversion Factors
4. DFundamental Physical Constants
5. EWater Properties
6. FComposition of Commercial Acids and Bases
7. GStandard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
8. HIonization Constants of Weak Acids
9. IIonization Constants of Weak Bases
10. JSolubility Products
11. KFormation Constants for Complex Ions
12. LStandard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
13. MHalf-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes

Chemistry: Atoms First 2e

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